فیلم سمپوزیوم وسایل نقلیه خودران | برابری و دسترسی

Title:Autonomous Vehicles Symposium | Equity and Access

در ۶ اکتبر ۲۰۱۷، APA و سازمان های شریک آن – لیگ ملی شهرها، مؤسسه بروکینگز، مرکز حمل و نقل Eno، آزمایشگاه تحرک و دانشگاه جورج میسون/Mobility E3 – گرد هم آمدند تا یک کتاب بازی برای شهرها و مناطق در مورد همه چیزهای مستقل ایجاد کنند. وسایل نقلیه (AV). کتاب بازی و دستور کار برای تحقیقات بیشتر مشخص می کند که چگونه این جوامع می توانند مزایا را به حداکثر برسانند و پیامدهای منفی بالقوه مرتبط با استقرار وسایل نقلیه خودران را به حداقل برسانند. اولین پانل گفتگوی تعدیل شده به این موضوع پرداخت که چگونه فناوری وسایل نقلیه خودران می تواند دسترسی به مراقبت های بهداشتی، اشتغال، آموزش و تفریح ​​را برای کاربران در هر سن، توانایی و درآمد افزایش دهد. اعضای پانل به پیامدهای اقتصادی از نظر از دست دادن و جابجایی شغل، مزایای زیست محیطی، رقابت اقتصادی و برابری پرداختند. اعضای پانل این بحث شامل لوری آ. شینتلر، دانشیار دانشکده سیاست و دولت Schar در دانشگاه جورج میسون بودند. جانا لینوت، AICP، مدیر پروژه برای شاخص زیست پذیری AARP. و دارنل گریسبی، کارشناس چشم انداز نوظهور تحرک شهری و تأثیر آن بر توسعه اقتصادی. بروکس رین واتر، مدیر اجرایی ارشد و مدیر مرکز لیگ ملی شهرها برای راه حل های شهر، به عنوان ناظر انجام وظیفه کرد. میزگردهای بعدی را تماشا کنید: شبکه حمل و نقل: https://youtu.be/25EBRfzLyTM
کاربری زمین و محیط ساخت: https://youtu.be/EFY1M6RQh9o

درباره این رویداد و کاری که APA در مورد AVs انجام می دهد بیشتر بدانید: https://www.planning.org/research/av/

انجمن برنامه ریزی آمریکا: https://www.planning.org/
لیگ ملی شهرها: http://www.nlc.org/
موسسه بروکینگز: https://www.brookings.edu/
مرکز حمل و نقل Eno: https://www.enotrans.org/
آزمایشگاه تحرک: https://mobilitylab.org/
دانشگاه جورج میسون/Mobility E3: https://www2.gmu.edu/ (برچسب‌ها به ترجمه)انجمن برنامه‌ریزی آمریکا

قسمتی از متن فیلم: I think there’s a lot of stakeholders out there who look to AARP to be a strong advocate for autonomous vehicles particularly from the industry and from folks like Nitsa and in certainly AARP sees the tremendous potential of this technology to both save lives reduce injuries and increase mobility for older

Non drivers but the policy that AARP has developed up to this point on autonomous vehicles is a bit bit more nuanced because we’re really trying to balance this potential with our policy to promote more livable communities overall for people of all ages we also need to be cognizant of the concerns of our

Constituents you have rather serious concerns related to privacy and cybersecurity and one of the reasons I think our policy is nuanced is because of this issue of equity and access and as we take a step back and look at our transportation system that exists today

We can see that a full one-third of all Americans do not drive that’s one in five people over the age of 65 it’s children it’s many people with disabilities it’s many people who are too poor to afford the purchase and upkeep of a vehicle and then others who

Simply choose for various reasons not to drive and when you think about that the fact that a third of us don’t drive and yet our transportation policy and investments have basically told our our people that you need to own your own automobile in order to have full access

To mobility in order to have full access to job opportunities educational opportunities health care when you need it there’s a whole range of various access and equity issues that are involved and this technology has the opportunity to change everything that we know about how we get around which is

Really the one sin less than a lifetime professional opportunity for us to kind of right the wrongs of our current transportation system but we have to be very strategic and the interventions we make and really think about how do we solve these equity issues that are going to be very

Prevalent and and I think that if I was to well well first I would say that unless we put equity kind of at the top and unless we and I think and this is not AARP policy but this is an extrapolation of what I as a professional kind of envision is that we

Need to roll out this technology with putting shared use mobility at the center of our transportation system in mobility as a service at the center of our transportation system so you no longer have to own your own transportation but you can subscribe to transportation service through a whole different smorgasbord of services and

Those services are going to be can gonna cater to the different needs and desires of the traveling public and unless we do that I don’t think we’re gonna realize the full opportunity that autonomous vehicle technology really brings and yes we may drastically reduce fatalities on our road system we may improve mobility

For many older drivers we might get some additional system efficiency but as Jeff points out that’s not guaranteed and you know there’s there’s a whole host of things that we want to accomplish through this and we just have to be very very strategic and how we go about doing

That thank you for that so now you’re the research director for the American public transit Association and have taken an in-depth look that how autonomous vehicles might transform transit and offer better service for all riders what lessons might be learned from transportation network companies such as uber and lyft that might apply

In the case of autonomous vehicles so I first just want to say I’m very happy to be here and after is definitely engaged in a topic if I can start off with the ridership question it was mentioned earlier that ridership was down we did a very rigorous analysis looking at

Why ridership is down in the u.s. we did focus groups with our members and came up with a variety of factors that really influenced wiper Irish it was down in the US one of my takeaways was if transit definitely represents the u.s. when it comes to what is a social

Contract that we have with each other and if we look at what eight V’s could do for that social contract it’s extraordinarily important to look at that so a visa probably have a whole new set of business structures then I come out whole new variety of companies and

Startups we know where the startups probably will be we know what impact gentrification may have on a transit writer and what that means for access to opportunity we also know that there’s a suburbanization of poverty always meaning that it’s a lot more difficult for us to provide public transportation

Service in the u.s. bar none so definitely impacts our cost factors which are already a cause of concern another factor would be of course when you have increased VMT and it was mentioned earlier that we might see more congestion congestion is a major factor right now about why ridership is down

When our when our operators want to maintain the same level of service in a congested environment they have to put more buses on the street that means just to provide the level of service that the customer already expects requires will spend more money putting more vehicles

Out there and more labor it’s deadly a situation that can cause a lot of concern now we do have an upside to partnerships with TNCs however is important for transit to still be the backbone of a multimodal system and there’s a lot of changes that

We have to make to actually be part of that system in the carrier wave and you know it’s it’s a it’s a problem the other is you know we have a variety of different communities and transit is definitely community choice how much money do you spend on public transportation unfortunately we may see

A differential where the communities that needed the most might not have the funds to spend money on transit particularly as we see there’s winner-take-all economy start to really impact the budgets of local communities Avs have the ability to actually exacerbate that situation and it’s something to all of us should be

And sorry about and then I’ll look at some of the interventions that public transit agencies need to make ourselves I was listening to a podcast a couple days ago and it was very interesting they said the few historical examples of industries or companies not being disrupted by new technologies is when

They’re able to take some subset of that of that company and make it independent and allow it to try new things for it not to be tied down by institutional concerns by the with the current ways of doing business that means new culture new regulations new experiences with

Labor and that’s something that perhaps transit agencies agencies may want to consider it may mean that we have even deeper partnership with TNCs to provide service but we may also want to try some models where we provide TNC service ourselves where it’s appropriate and like I said communities will make that

Decision about how they will will deal with the changes in the environment but we’ll have to do some innovative things things that communities may not be comfortable with will have to actually look at our relationship to labor now for all those that support labor we have to also realize providing access to

Opportunity for our writers may mean that we have to have to also address what is our relationship with our workers and how do we continue provide access to them while lowering the cost of providing public transportation in the light of all those cost driving factors that I mentioned earlier it’s

Gonna be a very difficult balance to make and some would say some communities might do that very well in the future others may not have the culture or ability to do that and you might see a further differential and the ability to provide public transportation for different communities so it’s something

We should definitely be concerned about thank you and Laurie now turning to you certainly an issue that continues to come up is around autonomous vehicles and automation more generally and its impact on the workforce in fact we just saw research come out of Pew Research in

The last couple of days that upwards of 60 or 70% of people are very concerned about this so how can we ensure that as autonomous vehicles become more prevalent those people aren’t forgotten but are rather engaged throughout the process different perspective here so I’m particularly interested in this whole changing technological landscape

Autonomous vehicles being one component of it and what I’m talking about in particular is what some people are referring to as a fourth Industrial Revolution following three prior Industrial Revolution steam electrification computers and first generation robotics and so there’s been some studies that have come out recently

Talking about how many jobs could be lost to automate these kinds of new forms of automation that are rising in the coming right now but how many jobs will be lost in the coming decades some studies saying upwards of 70% jobs being lost and in fact I just saw online there

Was a study that came that just came out looking specifically at job loss stemming from rise of autonomous vehicles and they put that number at four million so what’s the issue here so we have this kind of changing technological landscape and we have rise of a cluster of let’s call them

Disruptive technologies artificial intelligence smart robotics cloud robotics Big Data nanotechnology blockchain all these kinds of things and if you follow this very closely you will see on a day to day almost a day-to-day basis there are new developments and innovations coming out where these machines let’s just call machines of the

Capital and here are becoming more human-like and more intelligent and so that’s what’s raising all these concerns now about autumn the new technologies contributing to automation and then contributing to job loss so we just finished up a study looking at impact potential impact of technologies including autonomous vehicles and the

Transportation and materials movement sector on different segments of the pop halation and what we found interestingly is that men black african-american Hispanic will be hit harder than other demographic social groups and classes so this is something to pay attention to and in terms of Equus I’m sorry access

And equity so two things here equity worse will certain people in places be disproportionately negatively impacted by automation including a taunt rise of autonomous vehicles and how do we mitigate that I’ll talk about that here in a second and second of all in terms of access we know historically

That whenever automation happens this has happened in all the prior industrial revolutions that new occupations always come up in their place so if you look at autonomous vehicles they’re very smart systems you’ve got cloud robotics big data AI all sorts of things going on there you have to have engineers and you

Have to have people that understand those aspects of it so those kinds of occupations are on the rise and will continue to be what we need to be paying attention to city managers Plante’s planners policy makers is you know who will have access to those jobs and how

Do we ensure that everybody has equal access to the new jobs their occupations that may arise so the kinds of things that we need to be thinking about or you know of course the obvious workforce training and education and things along those lines a quick follow-up question

Actually is how does this inform what cities should do about workforce issues going forward I think that cities need to take a very good look at their occupational structure and composition every city is different as everybody in this room knows so there are different demographics and and different contextual circumstances conditions

Different occupational breakdown different industrial breakdowns so cities need to take a good look at their occupations and take a look at what jobs could potentially be automated in the coming and what can be done about that so of course transportation is is one sector that is prominent in every city so

That’s something that needs to be paid attention to yeah Jana can you talk for a moment about what opportunities will autonomous vehicles provide for older disabled and low-income populations and what needs to happen to make sure that is a reality particularly when it comes to including Universal Design and complementing

Existing transit okay that’s actually kind of a large question there’s probably several questions but I think in terms of the opportunity the most obvious opportunity is I already mentioned that one in five people over the age of 65 don’t drive and a lot of these folks have simply retired from

Driving and for that population I think if they’re able to afford an autonomous vehicle if this thing rolls out with privately-owned autonomous vehicles that the technology offers an opportunity for these individuals to continue to get around their communities in ways that they’re accustomed to today in in

Private vehicles but I think you know we have to look beyond that population group to the the group of folks who are not able to afford this technology and to make sure that we have the public systems in place primarily public transportation as it evolves and

Improves and as well as other things I think for planners in this room Jeff already mentioned the need to plan for our curb space in parking requirements you know I look at downtown DC today as a bicycle commuter and if you compare my commute today to five years ago I am at

Much greater risk because you have all these ubers lifts and vias that are completely unpredictable in my road environment weaving in and out to come pick up passengers do 180s in the middle of a downtown street and we cannot if we’re thinking about an older frail population who’s going to take advantage

Of even mobility as a service where they’re calling for a ride in an autonomous vehicle we can’t be letting folks off in the middle of the street as we do today are blocking bike lanes people need that safe secure curb space that’s accessible that they can get in and out of the

Vehicle without a risk of fall for people who use wheelchairs or other mobility devices they need that curb space and it needs to be fully thought through not only at the curb but but what’s the furniture zone look like are we blocking it with newspaper racks and

Bike racks and you know garbage cans are people are going to be able to get out of the vehicle and have free passage into you know various retail spaces so it’s thinking through through all of that and and I think I’ll turn it over

But I can follow up and talk about a bit about the accessible design of vehicles as well thank you and Darnell a corollary question for you what opportunities exist to increase access for underserved populations well I’m a big believer in the bus lane so you know as we get more low-income people in

Suburbs as communities finding more difficult to raise revenue for rail projects how do we get more bus lanes out on the street particularly since the data shows that the low income a more likely to use a bus than say a rail rail project so that’s really important

However we know everyone in this room knows that getting a bus lane somewhere is sometimes almost like an act of God is sort of like the dry cleaner down the street and you know that that local business owner in general will say oh you mean to tell me I can get more

People in and out of my business with a bus lane and a bus stop in front of my Maya my dry cleaner than parking it is counterintuitive from those people be you know really getting a way for buses to serve low density populations in an effective manner is really difficult so

That might be one application of a beep technology out in those areas to to make that connection a little bit easier you know maybe tied into some sort of bus rapid transit Hubb in the community and I mention this because I think that the idea of the low-income still remaining in areas that

Are transit rich the evidence is they probably will not increasingly you know we might look more like a European society where the wealthy live in the center of Paris and then you have the low income out of out of the suburbs and that also creates the same social

Tensions that we saw and a lot of those European cities and we don’t want there to happen here again that we’ve seen that in the past and as technology moves I would bet that the current trajectory will be a lot more social discord and problems with just getting communities

To agree on a path all together will be an issue so that’s a larger governance question that folks in this room will need to think about thank you I think we’re all touching on it somewhat but I’d like to ask the full panel what do policy makers in the

Private industry need to be thinking about to ensure the rollout is truly equitable and not just a benefit enjoyed by the wealthy maybe Lori you could start with that and who is in various jobs and occupations within cities and then thinking strategically about training and education and those kinds

Of activities and I think from policy perspective I mean this of course there’s all sorts of issues here or having to do with whether or not top-down versus bottom-up this better approach or should these strategies and policies should this come from public sector or private sector all of these

Issues are important and will be and will have to be dealt with so I think the first step is to make sure that equity is very prominently featured in all of our planning documents and define what that means for your community we we have to tackle the disparities among access that exists in

The country today and we need to be really explicit and clear about that need and from there then we can set policy and we can set you know revenue decisions and land-use decisions in investment decisions to try to go after reaching those important goals and they

We need to be serious about them so you know when I think of if if I was to be asked what’s the one perhaps most important policy or intervention that we can make to help improve equity and to sort of realize what these goals that we have for this new technology I would

Come back to saying and kind of agreeing with what Jeff said earlier is we need to have the opportunity to properly price the system and if we have that kind of pricing system in place we then need to be tracking both revenue and expenditures and to make sure that we

Are equitably distributing the opportunity to all segments of our society you know there could be an opportunity if we are creating a mobility as a service platform where you have autonomous vehicles that are circulating our cities in the form of TNCs today in other situations where people could build up credits within

That system there’s an opportunity to get that technology to work together so that it becomes much more seamless for human service agencies that are currently funding different people’s trips on paratransit to be able to provide funding for the trips that they want to fund on those on different

Transportation systems I mean right now riders are so hamstrung by the very policies of the different funding agencies that literally if you’re a Medicaid recipient of medical non-emergency medical transportation you can get to the doctor and back but if you want to stop off at the grocery

Store on the way home you have to go all the way home schedule another trip in order to get to the grocery store and it’s absolutely ridiculous and it’s actually quite impossible for many people with a disability or other physical or mental limitations so it’s we can make this so seamless and easy

The technology it’s it’s far more than just the lidar and all that technology on the car but it’s all about our kind of the underlying data interoperability systems that need to work to make mobility as a service happen so we need to put that this is what we want to

Achieve as the foremost goal and then figure out the systems that are going to make that happen so I’ll go in a slightly different direction and say you know governing interventions will be necessary obviously but how do you empower these communities to have their own outcomes

You know how do you empower them to say here’s the direction that we should take and in America a lot of times that will mean the private sector so how do we get these low-income communities to have the the ability to have startups you know what happens to tech incubators in

Low-income communities you know they probably have a better answer to solve their problem that any of us in the room might have so how do we give them the capital necessary to try out new things and you know I think this march towards free-market ethos is not going to stop

So the apathy question is how do you empower those low-income people those people who are disadvantaged to get in the ball game because we’re in a capitalist society and a lot of these solutions will actually be from the private sector so a lot of our solutions sound very government oriented which

Some of them will be but then how do we get the people to actually get involved in the market to solve some of their own issues Darnell to follow up on on your comments there I’m curious how can communities leverage autonomous vehicles to achieve is it broader equity goals

Such as improving city services for lower-income communities and elderly because it really feels like there’s an opportunity here but communities have to actively grasp that right um forgetting some of the names but is it called girls can code that right you know I think blacks can code should be

Another one you know let people go out there and try their own solutions I honestly can’t give you know and I don’t think anyone the panel can give answers to all these questions because we’re just a few minds right so I think as you know government entities like the local

Community states try to focus on how you can develop just that will start up cash to encourage folks to get together you know is there an empty warehouse somewhere can we get some folks together that might have an interest in improving mobility in their community give them

Some basic skills to try some things out you know really get involved with you know what solutions can they come up with and all we need is just for a handful of them to make some money off of this and to develop a process that can be implemented elsewhere and think

About it if you have a community-based organization or a non-profit or a company that becomes successful the likelihood is that new entity will want to put more money in their own community you have a homegrown solution that can empower those people right so how do we get those small businesses that actually

Care about their community and have better ideas and most of us in the room will have how do you get them kick-started would be a focus of mine thank you I mean before we close out and take questions from the audience I’m curious all three of you we talked

About mobility as a service but I’m also curious if it needs to be the private sector that does this could municipalities create mobility as a service with autonomous vehicles kind of programs themselves or is there something that would be a real roadblock I mean with the current models around

Ride-hailing certainly have the drivers involved but it seems like you’re going in a different direction completely with autonomous vehicles so maybe we’ll start here with you Laurie thoughts on that I mean personally I think that probably you’re talking about public sector solution here I don’t think one can do

It without the other it’s both both have things to bring to the table and I would agree that I think it probably we’re gonna achieve the most through public-private solutions but to some extent you know mobility as a service as a concept it can happen without autonomous vehicles and to some degree

It is happening through public agencies there’s the initial kind of development of this when you look at the human services transportation coordination activities that have been going on the past number of years there’s an attempt to try to bring the disparate providers systems together so that they can more efficiently transport one another’s

Clients so that they can schedule in dispatch and provide better information to the customer to get it down from a 24 48 hour reservation in advance down to a same-day service and as these systems improve they will be moving you know more toward that on-demand transportation and and I think the the

Role of the the public sector is going to be really key to to make sure I mean Diane here with TRB is working on this data interoperability standards for demand response transportation I’m very hopeful that something very positive will come out of that and when those specifications are released we need to

Make sure that every you know transit provider human service transportation provider in the country is writing those standards in the requirement for those standards into their procurement contracts with third-party providers of transportation so that the systems do start to talk to one another and it’s

Not so much of a barrier to make that happen another example of this mobility as a service from the public sector is Pennsylvania is developing this writer kind of transportation app a trip planning app find my ride PA I think it’s called where little by little they’re trying to

Build up the system of you know being able to see all of the transportation possibilities in the community and eventually schedule those rides as well as pay for those rides and integrate the different subsidy payments of different agencies so it’s a work in progress but we can see some of the foundation being

Laid to make these systems happen and and the big question and I think as public sector again we need to the public sector needs to think about what it needs to demand from the private sector but it also is in a position to learn from the private sector on how

These can be most efficiently developed let’s see where do we start with this question you know I think there’s probably a million different kind of Rubik’s Cube systems that we can look at so a you know for community that decides they want to have a more private sector

Based system how did how does the transit agency become a mobility manager where they just do contracts for example so there’ll be a variety of different outcomes so you might say oh we want to reduce co2 in the community we want to provide this level access for low-income

Communities and then you you contract with the private sector to make sure that those criteria are met and you you might find them or charge them if they don’t for communities that might want to try more head-on approach use in the public sector as the main approach that might that might require integrating

Some of the separate agencies so some communities might have 20 or 30 different public sector transit agencies you know is there a way for them to better integrate is there way for them to come together and perhaps be stronger together that might be one place we look

At the other might be the revelatory structures in the community do they actually allow for that integration and innovation to occur I think there might be a need for a top-down assessment in the local community your community are there any barriers to us actually moving forward with that type of integration I

Think the the last thing on is for a public agency to be – so show some level of agility labour needs to be on board and they need to know that the outcomes that are going to come from it can benefit their members so there might be a difference between the union

Leadership and the actual members and where they might be sort of figure out what the actual member might need might be more important than where the leadership might be trying to take them and that’s going to require a real conversation and not just the elite level conversation which sometimes will

Get us in trouble geographic equity as well and not ignore the needs in rural communities and in whatever thinking about who’s going to develop mobility as a service in a rural community there’s really no coincidence that uber and lyft have not shown up in rural America at this point in time they

Don’t necessarily see this as a profitable market and so the public sector needs to be thinking about how do we create these systems efficient transportation that where people can access opportunity even if they don’t own a car in these rural communities and it may be that rural public

Transportation providers step up to the plate are sufficiently funded get the sufficient training in order to bring in these new technologies to make more of this work so it’s a big challenge and can I can I add one more short thing I think that public agencies in general

And I think transit agencies in particular need to look at their management structures meaning who’s managing them what is the average age and complexion of those people that is very important you want to bring in more of the young populations where are your Millennials how high are they in the

Management managerial structure they might have a better idea of how to make this change than most of us will be able to figure out there is a difference in the ability of generations to actually deal with this tech change and be able to implement them and see what the

Changes might want to occur I don’t see enough diversity and the right places great thank you all for those comments do we have questions from the audience hello yes what are some practical responses the as Jeff called a Rotarian point of view where some individuals or entities might not value equity or

Public transit or management of public spaces what are some responses that say yes for economic or greater social reasons it is important whether you can see it from my point of view or not so a you know I have a lot of libertarian friends which I know sounds kind of like

Oh I have a lot of black friends but and you know my experience has been a lot of them view care about the public realm they may just believe that the right approach to solve a problem may be using a market function some of them have told

Me that Oh discrimination is a market failure and like Oh tell me more you know so I would push back against the notion that most of them don’t care sometime a lot more high-profile ones may be very antagonistic and kind of crazy and we’ve seen some of those

People however a lot of the people who do care they can be reached if we change our language when we discussed these issues with them I think there could be a new consensus in the center when we look at some of the market solutions and then also say well that’s a market

Failure that can only be addressed by a government intervention and we all know there are those so we meet them halfway we might be able to have a real conversation around it there just be my two cents on the issue let me just add to the answer I think there’s a real

Cost on human capital when people do not have the opportunity to participate in the workforce when people can’t get to their doctor’s appointments because they lack transportation and some of these numbers have been quantified by various researchers and I think we just need to be ready with with some of that data to

To say hey this this does have a economic impact on our country looks like we have time for one more question so I go over there yeah hi my name is Doug Webster with Cisco Systems and I think that the the old notion of the amount of jobs being

This place really has a great opportunity to provide a lot of political resistance the adoption of autonomous vehicles and that four million figure that was quoted is really pretty daunting on there do you have any ideas on what other job categories or industry verticals so those jobs

Actually could be absorbed into and are there any best use cases of cities or organizations that are trying to get ahead of this problem now a scenario here is that all jobs will be replaced eventually because machines are becoming smarter and smarter more human-like but certainly there are certain occupational

Sectors where we’re probably not going to see much automation in the next in the coming decades so occupations jobs that require a lot of social emotional intelligence creativity insight tacit not use use and retention of tacit knowledge those kinds of things are not going to be very easily automatable so

In terms of what kinds of jobs or occupations these the job loss may be absorbed into we’re looking at these kinds of occupations basically people skills and and high-level knowledge and expertise managers those kinds of things planners and planners great well this is a critical conversation that will

Definitely be continuing equity is fun and Center for so many city leaders for sure and it’s something I’ll put a quick plug in we have a report coming out in November on the future of equity and cities and I also would love to thank my colleague Nicole Dupuis who is my

Co-author on that and helped put this together today and I’d like to once again thank the panelists for a great presentation this morning thank you very much [Applause] you

ID: fNn-cIdILL8
Time: 1510144891
Date: 2017-11-08 16:11:31
Duration: 00:37:50

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