Title:AICP Certification Exam Prep Session, Part 3: Plan Making and Implementation
در بخش ۳ از جلسه آمادگی آزمون گواهینامه AICP 2021، دوین لاوین، FAICP، از منابع مطالعاتی مبتنی بر وب برنامه ریزی آمادگی، بخش برنامه ریزی و اجرای آزمون گواهینامه AICP را بررسی می کند. قسمت ۴ را تماشا کنید: https://youtu.be/Yp7HS-fEo_0
قسمتی از متن فیلم: All right thank you uh thanks tripp um all right so play making implementation 30 of the exam um and uh the recommended reading list can get pretty deep on this um and i guess this is the part that kind of deals with the math or the data
As it relates to planning um so as planners uh information gather and collect information in making a plan um it’s this topic area and so there’s a lot of things about population forecasting in the census and um using information the communication guide is what i’ll cover in here but these are the
Recommended reading lists as well as the pas reports and so what does this topic cover how to conduct research acquiring knowledge spatial analysis public engagement communication preparing the plants themselves formulating plants and policies plan implementation monitoring and assessment project or program management and then last but certainly not least social
Justice so these are the topics within this sort of umbrella category so quantitative research it is um basically the data and so we within this area we are talking about population estimates and projections uh there’s a term called shift share analysis know these know these terms um again trevor mentioned the
Wikipedia level understanding of law that’s sort of what you need for shift share analysis and how regional scientists use data to calculate a region’s proportional share of of an economy comparing alternative lives with unequal lives budgeting finance and cost analysis benefit cost analysis so related to quantitative research we have data
Three different types of data we have discrete data which is a set of finite values so it’s a count or score integers only um continuous data is data that exists along a range temperature or height as an example that we have nominal data where we assign numbers um to different things so
Basically you know good and bad and we’ve assigned you know one or two um related to the data we have different types of scales we have an ordinal scale which the number indicates a position on a list or a ranking so that’s an ordinal scale an interval scale is measurement between values
Um where it’s proportional uh through the range so time or a ruler um and so the the difference between values is proportional and then we have ratio where the intervals are independent of unit measure what i mean by that is like floor area ratio measure square feet of a building to
Square feet of a parcel but it’s expressed as a ratio of just a number so that not that ratio is independent linear measurement so far is expressed as a as a number and not a square foot so some of the key terms of variance it’s the measure of how far numbers are spread
Out standard deviation the measurement of variability or dispersion around a mean which is the square root of a variance and so how typical numbers differ from the rest and so there’s a low standard deviation a high standard deviation and a z score all of this relates to
The bell curve if you uh go on wikipedia and read the article on bell curve it should give you i think a real solid understanding for some um uh the type of information or knowledge you’re going to have for this exam and so you may be asked that
Your survey results have a high standard deviation what does this tell you it might tell you that there’s not a lot of agreement and that the numbers are spread real far apart that’s the um the type of understanding you’ll have to have for the exam we have a mean median mode and range
Four key terms as it relates to quantitative research so the mean is just your average that median that value that divides a group of numbers into two equal parts a mode the value of the highest frequency and then the range is the difference between the largest and the smallest values
And so um a couple of data sets here and i’ll just in the interest of time kind of blast through them so the mean on these number sets you add up all of those numbers on the left here you would add up all these numbers and then just divide it by
The number you get the average one thing i do want to say so the median is the number that’s going to put this into two equal parts so if you lined all of these numbers up in order so three three three four six six if you put them in numerical order
What’s the number that is right in the middle that splits the um the number set into two equal parts uh this has an odd number of of uh values so there is one number it’s the number eight that puts these two into two equal parts um
So let’s see there’s six uh 12 so there’s 19 values so number eight sits in the middle and i have nine values on the left and nine values on the right when you have an even number set there isn’t one value that splits those numbers and so to calculate the median of
A uh an even data set you take the two numbers in the middle and you take the average of those two numbers um the mode the number that uh occurs with most frequency so on the note on the one on the left we have three occurs three times six occurs three times
So you would write that as three comma six um on this one there isn’t any value that occurs more than once so they actually all occur the same amount of times which is one so your mode is all values and then the range is very simple to calculate you take the
Highest value subtract the lowest value and you get the range other things related to quantitative research we have the us census it’s a count of everyone living in the united states it’s conducted every 10 years it’s mandated by the u.s constitution and it’s used to distribute congressional seats to states it’s
What cities and communities use to make decisions on community services and it’s how the federal government disperses 400 billion dollars in funds down to the local state and tribal governments each year so it’s very important to uh to planning um and so we’re on the cusp of
Another survey uh census release i would think soon maybe the next year or so but um we’re far enough past the 20 uh 2010 census that i don’t think there will be questions specific to census information and census results but know what the census is and i think generally know about population trends
In the in the country surveying be familiar with the different types of survey tools that are available we have face-to-face surveys telephone surveys mail surveys or web-based surveys those are essentially the four types so a shopper intercept survey is a face-to-face survey know when you should use a certain survey method
Um as a planner you need to know they might tell you what group you you need to collect information from and you’ll need to know which survey method is best and understand the pros and cons to each and uh as it relates to sample size you’re not going to have to
Um go through a physical analysis to figure out the exact sample size you need but you’ll need to know what sample size do you need to make assumptions on that population what the confidence level would be and how to calculate a response rate qualitative research is different than quantitative research
Uh qualitative research gathers information that is not necessarily a numerical form it’s descriptive data and it’s harder to analyze i’m working on a project now where we’re trying to sort of mine through people’s open-ended text responses um it’s very tough to analyze that data and so unlike numbers where you can
Get a you know scientific uh um value to the response a qualitative analysis it yields data in words and images so it’s it’s tougher to analyze but uh we can obtain a lot of information as planners through there and so field research conducting interviews holding focus groups even taking photos is an
Example of qualitative research mapping a gis maps are very powerful way to help planners tell their story and for many maps are easy to understand them a large database or spreadsheet of information so gis is takes those databases and those um excel files and can can plot them and
Map them and so gis is used for collection and analysis of modeling spatial and geographic data it’s common in in planning offices uh the cost is decreased we’re putting it on the web now through web gis and and the uh it’s giving planners i think a lot more analytical skills
Um and we’re also dealing with big data and iot uh the internet of things and so uh just the data that’s become available uh gis i think is becoming more critical to the day-to-day work of planners and um just need to know about it you don’t and the questions won’t be specific to
A specific software product i know a lot of playing departments most of them use esri technology it’s not going to be specific to arcgis or arcmap but know what gis is how it’s used and that maps don’t always necessarily show locations with areas and distances but you can do special analysis to show
How things are related to help detect patterns and there’s some some different terms um you know core choropref map a heat map maps that use symbology on them uh walk sheds uh walk times um another thing sort of related to this as we uh create our plans there is an agreed-upon
Or established um color scheme for planers and i always say i can always tell when i walk into a city hall where i know the engineer is doing the the zoning map and it’s it’s colored uh all different types of of colors that seems to have no rhyme or reason and
Uh clearly unaware of the um the land-based classification system that the apa has published with uh with colors so there is a color scheme uh know it know that yellow is residential green is open space purple is industrial public engagement public engagement is the core of the planning profession
It is our job as planners to make sure the public is involved effectively with a special goal to include low-income minority and historically under-represented communities getting into this social justice area here look at the code of ethics the very first thing is our commitment to the public
So it’s important it informs the public it helps protect the public um it results in better plans it helps but build consensus and perhaps more importantly it increases the likelihood of a plan’s implementation and so different participation methods i mentioned the surveys you’ll also need to know what participation methods are best
A meeting a presentation a workshop a survey know about the concerns i guess of sample size of cost of possible bias if you have to do a workshop with elderly um population you know a text to vote might not be the the best case for you
And so i think they would give you uh extremes they’re not going to say you’re reaching out to you know a very diverse population how effective would a facebook outreach campaign be i think they would give you some demographic uh which would lead you to believe that they might be
Maybe not as plugged in or not likely to participate in a web you know if you had to survey the homeless population of your community what would you do and it might be then a face-to-face survey so understand when you might deploy which type of method uh visioning sessions swot analysis
Know what a charette is uh when it’s used uh project websites and then the uh the delphi method delphi method one of these equator questions goes back to the rand corporation trying to determine um what sites that the soviets would uh likely strike with a missile attack
Back in the cold war and uh basically it’s brown’s policy thinking and with each round every every uh participant or every group of participants is encouraged to listen to um everyone’s response and you’re encouraged to change your answer and so in that soviet missile scenario back in the cold war
Groups of people would sort of present what they believe would be the missile strikes and they would listen everyone would listen to everyone’s thoughts and rationale they would go back they’d have another round of thinking and you’re encouraged to change your answer and round after round after round
If everyone is changing their answer you will converge on a on one answer that’s called the delphi method and so it’s rounds of policy thinking that help help make a decision uh social media in today’s world use of social media is important trevor mentioned um something earlier with the
Uh you know the aspo and if the apa had a um had an exam they’re going to test you about their uh their own organization apa when the apa goes out of their way to publish a a guide pay attention so the apa has a communications guide uh read through this
Know-how as a planner we can use social media for good and bad and know how to keep our constituents informed there are things called sunshine laws open meetings act open meetings law i understand they vary by state but you know with the plan uh any town uh usa
Hat on you just need to know that um you know we need to be making decisions and an open transparent process where the public can uh can weigh in meaningfully and understand what um what’s going on so um establishing written and social media guidelines the apa will tell you is a good first
Step and then as it relates to sunshine laws again requiring that meetings decisions and records uh be made available to the public and social media laws pose a challenge to those sunshine laws it can be difficult to determine is a tweet or post part of a public record and
So again regulations vary by uh by area and like all things within this exam you’ll be looking to select the best answer not the um not the answer that relates to your jurisdiction or is the least you can uh can do you’re always going to take the high road um advocacy planning
And adequacy for uh planning is very important it was created in the 1960s by paul davidov it is a pluralistic and inclusive planning theory where planners seek to represent the interests of various groups within society so it represented i think a fundamental shift in planning where you had
Um you know the robert moses laying down the expressway to accomplish the goals that he wanted to accomplish and wasn’t necessarily concerned with the interests of the different groups so that was a big movement we have something called the ladder of citizen participation so again this is an equator know this
Those are called the rungs of power so we start out at the bottom with manipulation we move to therapy informing consultation placation partnership delegated power citizen control i can tell you the apa and our profession expects us to be in these top three rungs of sherry arnstein’s ladder
And then you have saul olensky and the alinsky organizations these were organizations that formed basically neighborhood activism and neighborhood groups an invitation was received by a neighborhood that was organizing it had funding the organizers sent to the neighborhood and they identified problems they develop citizen awareness and they create action
So it’s part of a process for the organizers to recruit local leaders know what an olympic organization is and and how it was in sort of how it helps shape our profession so part of uh planning is communication to succeed planners must have written and verbal communication skills um excellent written and verbal
Communication skills writing clear understandable visual written and spoken so be avoid using too much planning jargon we need to focus on building relationships conducting meetings and and media relations these are the the four parts of communication uh the apa has put out a book that’s called i think planning and plain english
Um and it it does a really nice job of taking i don’t know what it is with planners but there definitely is a lot of planning jargon uh in in the text that the planners want to write and i don’t know um if it’s now uh that our educational and our planning
Education is sort of steeped in kind of the way planes used to be where our plans would sit in city hall and now we recognize there’s a broader audience but um you know we use words like vehicular and you know these aren’t words that people use every day and so
It’s referred to now as planning jargon and um just writing uh clear concise text is important we get into visioning goal setting identifying key issues when we begin a planning exercise one of the very first steps should be to meet with stakeholders to determine what the overall vision of the project should be
Once the vision has been identified then we write the goals that meet that vision and it’s also important to find out what those key issues are they could be broad or specific but these issues should be considered throughout the entire planning process and ideally we should be addressing
These issues when we make our plans recommendations it’s important not only to consider existing issues but we need to as planners try to determine any future issues that should be addressed or future issues we might be creating with our recommendations we get into some terms now this is going back to
Some of the uh the quantitative we have population forecasts and how we estimate future populations is important for long-range planning and for future government funding so population estimates help us assist government agencies decision-makers taxing districts knowing how many people you’re going to have is important as we develop
Our plans so what is a population a population is really anything um the number of cars on the street is the population of of cars a sample is a subset of that population a random sample is a randomly selected group of that sample where each member had an equal chance of being selected
And so that’s important and it’s critical to statistical validity that each member of that population had equal chance of being selected and then a stratified random sample is just a strata it’s taking your random sample and dividing it into mutually exclusive groups so whether it’s people of a certain age bracket
People of a specific gender what’s the uh the strata so it’s it’s a subset of your random sample there’s some terms we get to when we talk about population we have population estimates and these are calculated for current population levels so when you have a population estimate it’s
It’s what do we estimate our current population to be and there’s some things that help us drive that estimate migration and natural increase we have what’s called a ratio or step down method symptomatic methods things like number of building permits issued last year uh for doing a neighborhood plan maybe it’s the number
Of mailboxes or doorbells those are symptomatic those are things that tell us that there is a population a projection is a lo is is calculated for future population so what’s our population projected to be um and so this follows the trend line this is the regression analysis we look at cohort survival
So mathematics and graphics that that gets a plot diagram where we draw a trend line and we’re going to project a population to be this this is important a forecast is subjective and you can include your projections but if we’re for you can basically modify a population projection
And turn it into a population forecast by saying um you know our our population is projected to be uh this number but because of the new hyundai plant or the new amazon facility coming to our town we’re forecasting our population to be this and so understand that with the nuances of each
Of these terms is and how its players we use it you’ll see in here net migration that is the movement of people in and out of a study area it doesn’t have to be international immigration or migration people leaving and coming out of your city or your region is migration
And then natural increase this is just birth rate minus the death rate of a population is your natural increase related to that we have something called the population pyramid and so you may may expect a question where you’re given a population pyramid and you might have to say in in 20 years
What does this um what does this community need to be planning for and so we would age these uh population cohorts up into that pyramid to come up with an answer i mentioned shift share analysis early on this is a something used by regional scientists or regional planners
It determines what proportions of a regional economic growth or decline could be attributed to the national economic industry and regional factors and so it helps identify industries where the regional economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy so um if we look at related to this is something called a
Location quotient and this is another equator expect a question on location quotient it is a ratio of proportion of local employment in one sector to the national economy and it’s used to identify the degree of self-sufficiency so there’s only three outcomes if your location quotient is less than one
It suggests that your employment in that industry is less than what was expected meaning you must be importing those goods or services into your economy if it equals one it’s once it’s expected your local economy is meeting local demand if it’s greater than one it suggests that
You know you have more jobs in a specific sector and you must be then exporting and so uh it becomes then your driver of your local economy um so creating and evaluating alternative lives is part of a planning process um so we might have to create um if we’re doing a comprehensive plan
We might have to um create alternatives for a specific redevelopment site or the land use as a whole with different intensities so looking at different uh scenarios scenario planning we need to consider evaluating alternatives visually whether it’s site plans for a site or land uses for an area
And then show the development impacts or the potential for each alternative each alternative should be evaluated by stakeholders and looked at uh what’s most efficient realistic from a cost-effective way to realize the plane’s vision and goals and then during this step each alternative should be uh weighed given its potential positive and
Negative impacts um visualization techniques are important i mentioned the mapping and graphics uh before but over the last few years we’ve had um 3d has become really part of our profession and but know how we can present information and how uh we can use these tools to encourage public
Input and participation so what are the key techniques and what can be used whether it’s you know a sketch or photoshop or 3d uh drawing how can we convey as planners what a recommendation might be i hear the the term photo simulation where we put trees on a photo or
Erase power lines off of an image to show what an area might look like those are just some examples of some maps or graphics we get into plane implementation john will touch on this a little later but zoning is not planning zoning is how we implement a plan so we come up with
A future land use plan uh part of the implementation is now that zoning map the codes the um puds overlays transfer development rights incentives intensity floor area ratios both these are all terms that we find inside of a zoning code know how a zoning ordinance is administered and the difference between a zoning
Ordinance and a subdivision regulation and and just know that in any town usa there’s zoning ordinance and there’s subdivision regulations there’s not a unified development code and we understand there’s a lot of cities moving towards that to simplify things again this uh this is any town usa and
We’re looking at kind of the what is typical so understand that typical administration in approval process a plane commission a zoning board of appeals in a city council if your zba and planning commission are one body this exam isn’t going to recognize that this is the the typical administration approval process is this
Who the decision makers are um elected appointed officials some states the plane commissioners um approve a comprehensive plan uh in some states city council know which is typical uh we get into budgeting we need to know why budgeting is important to planners uh understand the difference between a
Capital budget an operating budget how a planner prepares a budget um what are our revenue sources how do we identify revenue sources and how do we forecast future spending and estimate expenses there’s a little more of this later on and we get into finance what’s equity financing versus efficiency financing what’s horizontal
Equity versus vertical equity these are just some terms to be familiar with uh what’s market value uh what’s a progressive tax a proportional tax or a regressive tax and um also know the different ways of looking at a cost analysis whether it’s a goals achievement matrix a cost-effective analysis
A cost-benefit analysis or a cost revenue analysis four different ways you can explore costs demonstration projects these are just temporary installations that Help a city implement long-term strategies i suspect after covet 19 there’s going to be a lot less on street parking and a lot more um seating areas decked into on-street parking spaces think of these as as demonstrated projects you know people are uh like dining outdoors they like going into downtown we
Don’t need as much parking as we have and so those i think are examples of demonstration projects that can lead to long-term change uh monitoring assessment uh we measure measures of performance um so we look at um if we want to see how effective a plan is how do we measure its impact
So we get into think called performance metrics and measurables so we need to regularly measure results and to build data on the effectiveness and success of our programs and development and we need to consider what outcomes matter and how they relate to our recommendations and what are the time and costs that
Could limit the measurement uh and in general when we look at uh how to determine what we want to measure uh they can be excellent ways to track but we we need to find something that’s measurable and specific and can be easily the data can be easily easily obtained so vacancy rates housing
Permits census data so and then an outcome indicator is a specific noticeable and measurable characteristic of change some of the things related to project or program management uh know what an rfi is a request for information an rfp and an rfq the apa has a recommended protocol to hire a consultant
It’s rfq first then rfp i know a lot of cities just jump straight to the rfp and they’ll they’ll tackle the qualifications first or sorry they’ll tackle the qualifications with the uh with the full submittal uh the apa’s recommended process is q first then rfp know what grants are how we can use
Grants to implement our plans and again that preparing uh our budgets and with that um it was a lot i will pass on the baton to john
ID: ELciio9zL6o
Time: 1618507222
Date: 2021-04-15 21:50:22
Duration: 00:32:44
